D.6 · Behavior Reduction

Secondary effects of extinction and punishment

Review possible temporary increases after extinction and emotional responding or avoidance associated with punishment procedures. These effects are neither inevitable nor proof of success; the examples show objective reporting and responses governed by the plan’s notification, stop and safety criteria.

Task D.6: Describe secondary effects of extinction and punishment

Useful foundations: D.4: Extinction procedures · D.5: Positive and negative punishment

The rule

Monitor unintended effects of behavior-change procedures and report observable changes promptly. Evaluate effectiveness and side effects using their respective evidence.

After extinction, a temporary increase in the previously reinforced response may occur. Punishment procedures may also be accompanied by emotional responding or avoidance. These effects are neither inevitable nor proof of success. Describe what changed and apply the plan’s response thresholds.

Key terms
Extinction burst
A possible temporary increase in responding after its maintaining reinforcement is discontinued.
Assent
The learner’s indication of willingness to participate; attend to refusal and withdrawal through the applicable service and safety procedures.

What to look for

DistinctionLook forHow to decide
Temporary increaseA rise after reinforcement is discontinuedMonitor for a possible extinction burst and record what actually occurs.
Emotional respondingNew crying, distress or aggressionDescribe the events and follow response thresholds.
Avoidance or new responsesWithdrawal, escape or different behaviorReport changes beyond the original target measure.

Worked examples

Possible extinction burst

An increase needs review

After a supervisor-authorized procedure change, a target response rises from 3 to 9 occurrences in comparable observation periods. The RBT also records louder vocalizations. The plan specifies contacting the supervisor when rate triples.

Relevant facts

  • The recorded rate has tripled.
  • The plan contains a matching notification threshold.

Contact the supervisor and follow the plan; report a possible increase associated with the change.

3 → 9 occurrences: threshold met

Report the increase and check implementation and safety as directed. If reinforcement was discontinued, the supervisor can assess an extinction burst among the possible explanations and track what happens next.

Avoidance and distress

A lower target count can hide another problem

After a documented punishment-based procedure begins, the target count falls. The learner also now turns away when session materials appear, says “No, stop,” and cries during setup. These responses were not part of the previous pattern.

Relevant facts

  • The original target count decreases.
  • New distress and avoidance appear during setup.

Document both outcomes and promptly seek supervisor direction.

Lower target count + new distress → broader review needed

Report the emotional responses and avoidance alongside the decrease in the target behavior. The supervisor should assess their cause and the acceptability of the procedure. Attend to willingness to participate and withdrawal signals through the service plan, and follow its stop and safety criteria.

What changes the answer?

Keep an increase in behavior; change its severity.

  • The increase follows a procedure change.

It stays within the plan’s monitoring conditions.

Record and communicate as specified.

The plan governs the next step.

It reaches an immediate safety threshold.

Use the established safety response and summon help.

Apply the safety criteria whenever the observed situation meets them.

Severity and written response thresholds change the immediate action.

Remember

  • Assess whether side effects occur and how they affect the learner.
  • Monitor the learner’s overall experience alongside the target count.
Sources for this topic

Reviewed 2026-09-30 · D.6 version 3.